Nonformal Education and Informal Economies in Sub-Saharan Africa

John R. Minnis asserts that;

Education policy in sub-Saharan Africa is predicated on human capital assumptions and therefore promotes the expansion of formal education as a way to promote economic growth. As a result, formal education is valued primarily as a private consumer good, a form of cultural capital that allows some to get ahead and stay ahead, rather than as a public good that also benefits the overall society. In the absence of vibrant industrial labor markets, job prospects for school leavers are poor, which places an inflated premium on educational credentials. The collapse of formal economies combined with high population growth rates suggests that higher social rates of return might accrue from more investments in nonformal adult education aimed at improving the skills and labor productivity of rural populations
,SAGEPub.In other words "Many governments in Sub-Saharan Africa continue to expand formal education in times of economic decline, in the hope that more investment in it will stimulate growth. Unfortunately the skills acquired by graduates cannot be used in the absence of vibrant labour markets. Instead, they compete for scarce white collar jobs in already bloated state bureaucracies...money would be better spent on nonformal education that does not lead to credentials but to useful skills and knowledge that could be used to improve agricultural production.",BritishLib.